Ansiedad en enfermeras en la pandemia COVID-19. Evolución y variables sociolaborales y psicosociales implicadas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60108/ce.323Palabras clave:
pandemia COVID-19, ansiedad, resiliencia psicológica, apoyo social, autoeficaciaResumen
Introducción: Aunque la investigación previa señala la prevalencia de ansiedad durante la pandemia COVID-19 entre los profesionales sanitarios, los estudios longitudinales sobre la ansiedad postpandémica y las variables implicadas son menos abundantes.
Objetivo: Examinar la evolución de la ansiedad en enfermeras españolas desde el inicio de la pandemia hasta año y medio después, analizando la influencia de variables sociolaborales y psicosociales.
Metodología: Diseño longitudinal prospectivo con tres períodos de recolección de datos en los que se evaluó la ansiedad generalizada (GAD-7), además de variables sociolaborales y psicoemocionales (i.e. apoyo social, autoeficacia y resiliencia) en enfermeras en contacto directo con pacientes COVID-19.
Resultados: Existe una alta prevalencia de ansiedad, con una clara disminución a lo largo de los períodos estudiados (F=34,837, p<.001). Se observa una asociación entre la ansiedad y ciertas variables sociodemográficas y laborales (i.e. años de experiencia, p=.037; sintomatología COVID-19, p=.039; disponibilidad de EPI, p=.011; carga de trabajo, p<.001; preocupación contagio familiar, p=.009). La ansiedad mantiene relaciones negativas con el apoyo social (p<.001), la autoeficacia (p<.001) y la resiliencia (p=.011). Se observan efectos de interacción entre la evolución de la ansiedad y el apoyo social de los amigos (F=5.794, p=.004).
Discusión: El apoyo social, la autoeficacia y la resiliencia actúan como amortiguadores de la ansiedad. El apoyo social de los amigos influye en la evolución de la misma.
Conclusión: Los hallazgos enfatizan la necesidad de implementar intervenciones específicas para promover el bienestar mental de los profesionales de la salud, particularmente en contextos de crisis como la pandemia COVID-19.
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